The Fall of Both Mubarak’s Regime and the Legal Opposition Essay

Introduction : By the end of Mubarak’s rule, the legalised political opposition in Egypt was already a mirror to the regime it was presumed to challenge: discreditable, central, aging and undemocratic. Systematic state repression and internal divisions fragmented the opposition and deviated it from the role assumed by its counterparts in liberal democracies. Instead of competitive interaction with the regime, the legal opposition stationed itself as an integral part of the authoritarian polity. Years of regime-opposition dynamics ended with the latter’s alignment with the regime and becoming more of a domesticated opposition. This clientelist relationship was necessary for the survival of the semi-authoritarian regime. It enabled it to claim legitimacy by presenting cosmetic democracy/pluralism measures while at the same time keeping the dominance of its ruling party. It also lured the weak fragmented legalised opposition into competing to gain the regime’s support. Overview: Egypt moved from full-scale authoritarianism under Nasser to liberalized autocracy under Sadat and Mubarak. During its early rule in the 1980s, Mubarak’s regime showed relative political tolerance and moderation (stacher 2004), giving hope to legal opposition that the break up of the single-party system was the beginning of a transition phase that will lead to democratization and the possibility to compete on even terms with the ruling NDP. During this period it was the Neo-Wafd which had the most comprehensive organizational capacities and was designated to lead the legalized opposition camp from which Islamist movements were excluded (Shehata, 2009). However, those expectations proved to be naive as the regime soon made clear that it was not inte... ...e, E. (1998), More than a Response to Islamism: The Political Deliberalization of Egypt in the 1990s’ Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, p. 219. 3- Stacher, J. (2004), Parties Over: The Demise of Egypt’s Opposition Parties , British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, pp 215–23. 4- Albrecht, H. (2005) How can opposition support authoritarianism? Lessons from Egypt, Democratization, pp 378-397. 5- Shehata, D. (2009), Islamists and Secularists in Egypt: Opposition, Conflict & Cooperation, London, Routledge. 6- Arafat, A. (2009), The Mubarak Leadership and Future of Democracy in Egypt, New York, Palgrave Macmillan. 7- Kassem, M. (2004), Egyptian Politics: The Dynamics of Authoritarian Rule, Colorado, Lynne Rienner publishers. 8- Kienle, E. (1998), More than a Response to Islamism: The Political Deliberalization of Egypt, Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, p. 219.

Bowles-Simpson Essay

Bowles-Simpson Proposal Essay By the year 2012, the American economy has crossed through large paths of downfall and unsustainability. Many aspects of such inconsistency surround this issue; foreign debt, public spending, and real state price drops are some facts that indicate an unstable economy. Furthermore, current president of the United States Barack Obama has approved a plan that will help stabilize the economy in the long run; this plan has targeted to reduce the federal deficit by cutting spending and raising taxes.Moreover, this plan was introduced in 2010 by co chairs Alan Simpson and Erskine Bowles of President Barack Obama’s deficit commission as stated above, to raise the economy in the long run. As of now, revenue isn’t much of a problem, but spending is. Since debt is rising due to spending (taking only this example), the private sector is put in risk of being put out of the market. This would affect small businesses, which are a strength in the American economy since they will not be able to grow and create more jobs, which simultaneously helps the economy.Indeed, the goal of this plan is to reduce deficit to 2. 2% of the gross domestic product by 2015, reduce deficit growth between now and 2020 by 3. 8 trillion dollars, and reduce debt as percentage of GDP to 40% by 2037. All this is being linked with the reduction of spending and tax rises. Accordingly, this plan induces a huge tax reform due to the fact that the current tax rates would be modified. In addition, the alternative minimum tax would be eliminated, as well as the child tax credit and the mortgage interest deduction.It is calculated that if this is taken in mind, there would be a deduction of $ 1. 1 of tax expenditures and in should increase tax revenues. Consequently, it seems that eliminating the mortgage interest deduction would mark a difference positively since it is one of the key elements funding an overemphasis on homeownership in the United States. On the othe r hand, eliminating the health insurance deduction would cause a healthcare reform. That deduction is actually a pillar of the current employer-based health insurance system. Thus, removing this deduction will orce families move on into the individual health insurance market, if no other adjustments are done. Meanwhile, the proposal expects to raise the cap on taxable wages through 2050 to cover 90 % of all national wages. This would simultaneously increase the program’s revenues and would also increase the total payments going out. Moreover, one thing that the Bowles-Simpson plan aims for revenues to be capped at 21 % of GDP and spending to be brought down to the same level. Such target is actually a redundant number. In order to achieve these cuts, some tactics have been put in the table.One item that increases the revenues in the plan is its provision to include newly hired state and local workers after 2020. This would in the near term tap more tax revenue for the system and in the long run would obligate additional benefit payments. Also, this provision does not contribute to long-term Social Security sustainability. If it were dropped, then the plan would tilt in the direction of cost containment over almost any time period measured. Medicare takes a big part in the proposal since the idea is to hold growth of federal health spending to growth of GDP by 1 %.Such cuts are proposed by paying less to doctors, as well as drug companies, and health care providers. Nevertheless, a reform on social security has put in place as well, and it is to add minimum benefits for minimum wage workers to ensure that they are above the poverty level. In other words, the plan aims to ensure that no one retires into poverty after a full working career. On the other hand, this does not reduce cost but it actually increases them. The plan to reduce costs is to make a balance under the benefits by offering fewer benefits for the more wealthy being.Such action will change the current social security; savings plans will no longer be at a long term for individuals, but a more or less direct welfare program. Hence, the Bowles-Simpson proposal is indeed a fairly tax increase and highly progressive, not to forget that the main goal of this proposal is to eliminate almost all tax expenditures. Putting the numbers on the table, in 2015, the lowest earners would face an average cut in their after-tax income of 3. 4 percent or about $ 400. For middle-income households, there would be a cut of 4 percent on their after-tax income.And on the top of the mountain, while will be cataloged as the highest earners, they would lose about 5. 3 % or about $ 70,000. It seems that the numbers do not lie; the low-income households and the top income households would be hit by a tax increase, while the upper middle class would have a small tax cut of 1 percent. In conclusion, this plan is a step forward with a few points, which I disagree. First, the measurements on tax rat es seem fairly reasonable but it does not seem to mark a tax reform. The tax code is still under its same complexity.It looks like it would bring revenue, but there are still politics to be discussed. Additionally, it does not seem to specify that tax cuts be used to eliminate national debt. On the other hand, it proposes to cut on health care spending since health care costs are pretty high, which simultaneously brings more national debt. As well, I think the proposal have some kind of gaps, but there is also a debate between republicans and democrats, to see if there is a balance in between both sides since republicans do not really like the idea of tax increases, and democrats are unhappy about the spending caps.

Ict Systems Strategy And Management - 1056 Words

KIT708 ICT SYSTEMS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP 6 LEADERS REPORT by Srinivas GROUP 5 Srinivas - 189750 Rajesh - 183176 Venkat - 179334 Jawahar - 218429 Task 3 Key Issues Discussed In the Paper According to me (Srinivas), the key issues discussed in the paper are: The chapter started as the challenges of IS/IT investments. The generic benefits of IT were explained with case studies. Net Benefits of the IT were shown. The paper also showed the developing economy and the need for a new appraisal method. This method was explained in depth in this paper. According to Rajesh, the key issues discussed in the paper basically are the challenges of IS/IT investments. How the economy is changing over time and there is also a need†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ No sufficient training to the staffs to use the newly deployed IT and IS. †¢ No post implementation reviews of IT project in an organization. Audience of the Paper According to me (Srinivas), the audience of this paper would be organizations who are and want to implement IS/IT investments and the management and IS/IT students. Rajesh says that the audience of the paper would be Managers, Business staff and IT Managers within the organizations and the researchers who want to add value to the topic or research on the existing approaches. Venkat says that the Journal article is based on the Information Technology Domain, and thus the audiences for the article are the management teams of any organization related to information technology. Jawahar says that senior managers and IT managers of an organization are the main targeted audience of the paper. HR and finance managers are also targeted in this paper. Critical Analysis of the Paper I (Srinivas), say that the paper basically started with the development going on within organizations and in the economy. The benefits of IT within the organizations were explained clearly and the disadvantages were also explained. Next, the need for the fresh approach was also shown. The author has clearly shown his view by referring to many authors and explained the new approach clearly. Overall, the paper is informative andShow MoreRelatedThe Best Suitable Corporate ICT Governance Model for the Gobà ¡r Saor Corporation Group1443 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate ICT Governance model (if any) for the Gobà ¡n Saor Construction Group (GSC). 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The Internship As A Teaching Tool For Business Students

Teamwork in a Business Setting: The Internship as a Teaching Tool for Business Students Prepared for Debbie Ghosh, GAD Instructor Prepared by the Diamonds Noor Abutaleb Elias Chedid Kara Gibbs Songnan Mao Contact: klgibbs10@gmail.com December 13, 2016 Executive Summary Debbie Ghosh’s Diamond class group watched a variety of movies Watching the Movie On October 19, 2016, the Diamond group in Debbie Ghosh’s class was asked to pick a movie that they thought showed good or bad business communication skills. After much deliberation and watching a few movies that weren’t liked, The Internship was the movie that was decided on. The movie, The Internship, is really big on showing different situations in a team setting. This movie shows how teamwork can essentially help lead to the success of business. In the movie, the two main characters Billy and Nick, are businessmen of a failing watch company. Once they get laid off from that business, they start job hunting and come across an internship job at Google corporation. Once at the internship at Google, Billy and Nick get paired up in teams with young tech savvy students. The different teams are required to complete different tasks and whoever completes these tasks in the best and most timely way ends up getting a job at Google. Throughout this movie, there are many business communications skills that are noted including public speaking, persuasion, and business meetings. Many of theseShow MoreRelatedThe Degree Of Mba Degree1491 Words   |  6 PagesThere is controversy in the added value a student gets out of a degree in Masters of Business Administration (MBA). Experts outside of the field argue that the MBA degree program provides courses for students, but that the courses are not teaching the students skills that they need for the field. Chris Roebuck says that MBA School graduates â€Å"educated bad leaders,†(62). 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Essay on Societys Problems And My Role In Helping It

Societys Problems and My Role In Helping It Is helping solve the problems of society everyones job, or no ones job. What role would you hope to play, based on your interests and developing skills, in the solution of one or more specific problems? As the problems in society arise, it is the duty of every individual to ease the burden by helping to solve these problems. Too often, individuals pass off that responsibility with the hope that others will pick up the slack. The problem is that too many shrug their responsibility leaving an insurmountable degree of perils. It is everyones obligation to help solve the problems because everyone has a stake in society. Not enough people see the whole picture when it comes to societys†¦show more content†¦My goal is to become a successful businessman and set myself up comfortably. If I become well off, which I hope to, I will give back to the society that helped me reach that point. I will do so by donating both my time and money to various charitable services. I then hope to run for local office. My desire to be a politician is for only altruistic reasons. I want to change many things about the way our government is run and the way it handles the problems of society. If I run for office, it will not be to gain financially or to make a name for myself. I want to make a difference, and I feel that through the medium of politics I could. I feel that the single most important institution in our nation is the educational system. Without a strong educated population, the United States will never return to its former economic prosperity and standing among the nations of the world. More important than pumping money into defense and the military, we should be focusing our time, money and effort on educating the youth. I feel that this starts by decreasing the class size at the grade school level. Children who are neglected at home need the assurance and support of their teacher. The teacher cannot possibly do that for thirty-five students. A young childs mind is a blank slate and can be influenced very easily. It is very important that the child is instilled withShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Collaborative Counselor Client Relationship1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Skilled Helper provides a general framework for the helping process and combines the approaches of problem management and opportunity development to aid students in becoming more proficient helpers. The model is a flexible step by step three stage one with different goals of helping and is illustrated through case examples in sections of the thirteen chapters. The book emphasizes the importance of collaborative counselor client relationship and employs different case examples and techniques forRead MoreEssay on Societys Problems and My Role in Helping It1213 Words   |  5 PagesSocietys Problems and My Role In Helping It Is helping solve the problems of society everyones job, or no ones job. What role would you hope to play, based on your interests and developing skills, in the solution of one or more specific problems? As the problems in society arise, it is the duty of every individual to ease the burden by helping to solve these problems. Too often, individuals pass off that responsibility with the hope that others will pick up the slack. The problem is that tooRead MoreBecoming A Social Worker : Rutgers University1593 Words   |  7 Pagescan remember I have always wanted to pursue a career in social work. 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Sample Business Plan Food for Thought Free Essays

We all this product Happy Pastilles. Happy Pastilles, being distributed to retailers In sari – sari stores, would be more convenient and thus, will not require consumers to go somewhere else. Unlike other desserts, a piece of Happy Pastilles can be enough to lessen saltiness, spiciness or greasiness of meals remained in our taste buds. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Business Plan: Food for Thought or any similar topic only for you Order Now Happy Pastilles offers health conscious consumers and dessert lovers a healthy and friendly local product called pastilles. Happy Pastilles Partnership will provide a combination of excellent dessert with affordable price, unique shape, and nutritious ingredients. Happy Pastilles is the answer to the Increasing demand for craving a dessert after a meal with lower price. Our mission Is to serve customers great tasting nutritious dessert In today’s highly competitive environment, it is becomes increasingly difficult to compare our product to the usual pastilles that consumers usually buy. Hundreds of retailers who are selling different pastries are evolving. Our initial target areas are Sat. Elena, San. Rogue, Stop. Ion, Clamping . As we grow, we will develop more kiosks within the city. Happy Pastilles are highly profitable In the first two years. The Increasing probability is partly based on expectations. These forecasts are based on general trends in food industry. We have various promotional strategies for our company name awareness. The marketing campaign through product taste test and sampling, word of mouth will be highlighted as one of our strategies. Product Offerings Sometimes after a meal, people look for something else to eat. Salty, spicy or greasy foods make someone crave for desserts or some known delicacies or pastries just to lessen the unlikable tastes in our mouths. Definitely, desserts need not be ere expensive like Ice cream, Lech flan, and the like and would require to go somewhere else, to answer the craving Happy Pastilles is a high-protein product because it is a milk-based dessert. This is a mixture of powdered milk, condensed milk, and refined sugar. To be unique in the market, crushed peanuts were added as well as the ‘star’ shape The product is a homemade dessert for health conscious consumers. Happy Pastilles is a milk-based product, so we can get different nutrients like protein, calcium, Vitamins A, D, E, K, and B. Consumers within the age range of 18 – 30 years old are the next expected to consume the product. Consumers within this age range include the â€Å"growing kids† which are referred to as teens who tend to eat a lot. After eating a meal, they would really look for something else to eat and something that can lessen the unlikable tastes in their mouths. Consumers within the age range of 31 – 43 are like the previous age group who, after eating a meal, would also look for something else to eat. Other than that, people within this age range tend to bring foods along with them especially when going to their workplace. Consumers within the age range of 44 – 56 are people who are quite practical and who would rather choose to buy an ordinary pastilles rather than Happy pastilles. His product. They are the most practical among the age groups who might Just choose to buy the ordinary pastilles rather than Happy Pastilles or choose not to buy at all. SOOT Analysts We are in a highly competitive market in a rapidly growing economy. We foresee our strength as the ability to respond quickly to what the market dictates and to provide quality desserts in a growing market. In addition, through aggressive marketing and quality management, we intend to become a well respected and known entity in our preferred industry. Our key personnel have knowledge on the coal market and expertise, which will go towards penetrating the market which wills the strength; however we acknowledge our weakness, to our limited start-up capital/ shares and the threat of competition in the industry. How to cite Sample Business Plan: Food for Thought, Essays

How Did Life Really Begin Essay Example For Students

How Did Life Really Begin? Essay HOW DID LIFE REALLY BEGIN? INTRODUCTIONEvolution. Is it a fact or fiction? I thought that Evolution, was just a theory, but I was wrong. I believe that Darwin’s theory has had a great impact on the world today. It has caused many debates between religious authorities and those from the scientific community. This theory had prompted individuals to think about the Origin of the Universe, Earth, and how did life really begin. However, what distinguishes Charles Darwin from the others is the fact that he collected and provided substantial evidences and he related various branches of science such as geology, botany and biology, which helped, validate his theories. His theory of natural selection as stated by Nelson and Jurmain (1991, p.606) in the modern form is that the evolutionary factor causes changes in allele frequencies in populations due to differential net reproductive success of individuals. His grasp of the evolutionary process and the clarity of his work makes Charles Darwin the most popular figure in the scientific field of Evolution (Francoeur, 1965, p.34). The grandfather Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) was a well renowned doctor, poet and philosopher who wrote many books concerning nature. He said that all different living things were produced over millions of years by one original ancient parent, such that each offspring had a natural tendency to improve itself (Karp, 1968, p.14). However, fossil records show that this theory of one original parent was not probable (Karp, 1968, p.14). His opposition toward any form of organized religion and his rejection of Christianity was considered to be superficial and eccentric (Chancellor, 1973, p.21). His tendency to theorize and create wild speculations without testing his theories caused his reputation as a scientist to suffer. Around the end of the eighteenth century all discussions of evolution were suppressed because of the rigid creationist views held by the Church who persecuted anyone who challenged their beliefs (Chancellor, 1973, p.41). It was not until the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species that the discussion of evolution was revived. When non-biologists talk about biological evolution they often confuse two different aspects of the definition. On the one hand there is the question of whether or not modern organisms have evolved from older ancestral organisms or whether modern species are continuing to change over time. On the other hand there are questions about the mechanism of the observed changes how did evolution occur? Biologists consider the existence of biological evolution to be a fact. It can be demonstrated today and the historical evidence for its occurrence in the past is overwhelming. However, biologists readily admit that they are less certain of the exact mechanism of evolution; there are several theories of the mechanism of evolution. EVOLUTION AND FOSSIL RECORDIn the study of human evolution, two main methods of dating are used: Carbon-14 and potassium-argon dating. Carbon-14 dating involves the decay of radioactive C-14, which has a half-life of 5770 years. This makes this method useful for dating of recent fossils, with good accuracy, up to 50,000 years back. After 5770 years, half of the carbon-14 in a fossil decays to nitrogen-14. Since the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 in a living organism remains the same as in the environment around them because the organism constantly eats and replenishes it, if it were to die, the ratio would change greatly after many years. It is the difference between this ratio now and the time is died that allows a date for it to be established. Potassium-argon dating, another dating method, is possible due to volcanic ash and rocks found near many fossil sites. Rocks and ash created in this manner contain potassium-40, but no argon. As time passes, the potassium-40 decays into argon-40. In the laboratory, the sample is reheated, and since argon-40 is a gas, it is released. The ratio of argon-40 released to potassium-40 still present allows for a date to be assigned to objects near the sample. However, due to potassiums high half-life (1.3 billion years), it is only useful as a dating technique for finds older than 500,000 years old. Also, it is only useful where volcanic activity existed. Both these methods have error margins, ranging from a few thousand years in carbon-14 dating to tens of thousands of years, or more, for potassium-argon dating. However, thanks to scientific breakthroughs, these two processes can be used with reasonable security in establishing a time for fossils. Breast cancer EssayArchaic Homo sapiens, which first appeared 500,000 years ago, are believed to be our most recent relatives. By this time, the keel that existed on their skulls is non-existent, and the supra-orbital torus (the brow ridge) has begun to recede. Cranial volume has been measured at an average of 1200 cm3. Fossil evidence shows a trend for their posterior teeth to have reduced in size, and the anterior teeth to have increased in size, from previous Homo species, while late archaic Homo sapiens finds show a general reduction in the size of both areas. The face and jaw areas also showed a reduction in size from previous species. It is at this point that Homo sapiens neanderthalensis enters the picture. Commonly known as Neanderthal Man, this species is believed by most scientists to have existed at the same time as late archaic Homo sapiens and early Homo sapiens, our own species. Many scientists theorize that either we killed them off, or interbred with them to produce modern humans. Their craneal volume is in fact higher than modern humans, at an average of 1450 cm3. Their bones were also thicker, which implies greater bulk in body. They also had larger nose cavities, a weak chin, and a protruding jaw area. Neanderthals would have been extraordinarily strong by modern standards, and their skeletons show that they endured brutally hard lives.(Foley, w. page) Neanderthal skeletons have been dated to between 30,000 and 230,000 years ago. Finally, our own species is encountered. Scientists have dated the earliest Homo sapiens fossils back 120,000 years. Our species showed an increase in skull capacity up to an average of 1350 cm3. The supra-orbital ridge is all but gone with modern humans, and other features seen in earlier Homos, such as the keel and the craneal ridges on the back are also gone. The cranium is more rounded, as opposed to the general pentagon shape seen in earlier hominids. Teeth size for modern humans shows a decrease in size from archaic Homo sapiens. Also, bone size shows a trend towards reduced robustness, with thinner bones and smaller jaws. From all the fossil evidence, a rough line can be drawn for human evolution, starting from A. afarensis and ending in H. sapiens. A clear progression of features, especially in the cranial region, can be seen. Features such as brain size are seen to have developed and increased from our earliest ancestors up until now, while other non-essential features, like a furry skin, a supra-orbital ridge, and large teeth, have diminished. This shows evolution of our species, from a more primitive creature, to our modern shape, which is highly adaptive, intelligent, and suited to any environment. In any meaningful sense evolution is a fact, but there are various theories concerning the mechanism of evolution. Is this how Life Really began? Did God created the perfect creature, a creature that evolves to suit its needs? Science